1. The Aileron and the Control Stick – Robert Esnault-Pelterie (Nice)
Based in Nice, this aerospace pioneer invented the aileron in 1905 and introduced the control stick in 1906. His metal monoplane REP 1, which took to the skies in 1907, is one of the first to fly, marking a turning point in modern flight control.
2. The Manual Autonomous Diving Suit – Commander Yves Le Prieur (Nice)
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With Maurice Fernez, Le Prieur created in 1926 the manual release device coupled with a compressed air bottle. He paved the way for autonomous scuba diving, a precursor to the Cousteau-Gagnan system.
3. Large Format Cinema – Henri Chrétien (Nice Observatory)
An astronomer at the Nice Observatory, he invented the Hypergonar process (1930s), which serves as the technical basis for Cinemascope, and co-invented the Ritchey-Chrétien telescope, used in modern major observatories.
4. The Mail Franking Machine – Philippe Tiranty (Nice)
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Born in Nice, Tiranty invents one of the first automated mechanisms for affixing postage at the end of the 19th century, foreshadowing modern postage machines.
5. Photography – Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (experiments in Nice)
Although a native of Burgundy, Niépce works in Nice and creates the first permanent photograph in the 1820s using photolithography. His process transforms the way we capture the world.